一、貿易術語

E組： 買方負責所有費用
EX: Ex Works 工廠交貨，賣方義務最少(minimum obligation)
賣方負責出口清關則為FCA
F組： 買家負責運費，風險以買方所在國交貨劃分
FOB: Free On Board
賣家：港口交貨，出口清關，提供商業發票、裝船提單，承擔港口裝船交貨前風險。
買家：支付貨款，進口清關，托運并通知賣家，決定購買保險與否，接受單據收取貨物，承擔出口國港口裝船交貨后風險
出口美國應注意FOB Vessel才需要由賣方負責出口清關手續
FCA: Free Carrier 貨交承運人，其實就是FOB的擴展，適用于任何運輸方式。
賣方可協助安排運輸，但費用和風險由買方負責
FAS: Free Along Ship，近似FOB，風險交接點變成船邊碼頭或駁船靠邊，而不是船舷
C組： 賣家負責運費，風險以買方所在國交貨劃分
CFR: Cost and Freight
賣家：港口交貨，出口清關，托運并及時充分地通知買家（sufficient notice），以便買家辦理保險，提供裝船提單、商業發票，承擔港口裝船交貨前風險
買家：支付貨款，進口清關，決定購買保險與否，接受單據收取貨物，承擔出口國港口裝船交貨后風險
CPT: Carriage paid to 運費付至，CFR的擴展，賣家負責托運
CIF: Cost, insurance and Freight
賣家：港口交貨，出口清關，托運并辦理保險，提供裝船提單、商業發票、保險單，承擔港口裝船交貨前風險
買家：支付貨款，進口清關，接受單據收取貨物，承擔出口國港口裝船交貨后風險
CIP: Carriage and Freight Paid to 運費、保險付至，CIF擴展，賣家負責托運和投保
D組： 賣家所在國交貨，賣方負責運費，風險以賣方所在國交貨劃分
DAF: Delivered At Frontier，邊境交貨，買方負責托運和投保，承擔貨物交接后風險
DES: Delivered Ex Ship，目的港船上交貨，賣方負責到達目的港前一切費用和風險，
賣方負責進口清關，也叫EXS
DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay，DES變型，目的港碼頭交貨
賣方負責碼頭上交貨前一切費用和風險，也叫EXQ
DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid，未完稅交貨，DEQ的擴展，適合任何運輸方式
DDP: Delivered Duty Paid，完稅交貨，賣家負責進出口清關，交貨前一切費用和風險，
賣方義務最多maximum obligation

二、傭金和折扣的計算
Price including commission US$335 per metric ton CIF New York including 2% commission
US $ 300 per metric ton CIFC2% New York 每公噸335美元CIF2%紐約
US $ 300 per metric ton FOB Shanghai less 2% discount 每公噸FOB上海減折扣2%
US $ 300 per metric ton FOB Shanghai net 每公噸300美元FOB 上海凈價

貨物交付
一、關鍵概念
Time of delivery 交貨時間 F和C組術語條件下，兩者是一致的；
Time of shipment 裝運時間 由于推定交貨和實際交貨的區別，兩者最好還是區別使用
Constructive Delivery 推定交貨
Actual Delivery 實際交貨
Port of Shipment 裝運港，可一個或多個，具名或只注范圍，如China Port
Port of Destination 目的港，對賣方而言，最好比較確定、可行
Partial Shipment 分批裝運分批裝運 shipment by instalments
Transshipment 轉運

二、裝運條款
Shipment during Oct. /Nov. 2009 with partial shipments and transshipments allowed
Shipment at or before/ no later than the end of June
Shipment: one 40’ container from China port to New York, USA on or before Apr. 20th
Shipment within 60 days after receipt of L/C這種條款一般同時也需要規定L/C到達期限
The Buyers must open the relevant L/C to reach the Sellers before June 20th
During Mar./Apr. in two equal lots/shipments, transshipment is prohibited
Shipment during May from Shanghai to London. The sellers shall advise the Buyers 45 days before the month of shipment of the time the goods be ready for shipment. Partial shipment is prohibited, to be transshipped at Hong Kong

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